Eastern africa language

Swahili language, also called kiSwahili, or Kiswahili, Bantu language spoken either as a mother tongue or as a fluent second language on the east coast of Africa in an area extending from Lamu Island, Kenya, in the north to the southern border of Tanzania in the south. (The Bantu languages form a subgroup of the Benue-Congo …

07-Apr-2022 ... In East Africa, vernacular writing in Arabic and the translation of Islamic poetry from elsewhere into Swahili are intricately linked (Knappert, ...Somali. Somali belongs to the Cushitic family of languages similar to Oromo. With speakers of the language concentrated across the horn of Africa, Somali has at least 21 million speakers, making it one of the most spoken languages in Africa. Somali is the official language of Somalia along with Arabic.May 24, 2021 · The five regions of Africa. The United Nations Geoscheme divides Africa into 5 subregions: Northern Africa, West Africa, East Africa, Middle Africa, and Southern Africa. There are 54 countries in Africa. An estimated 1.369 billion people live in Africa. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, while the Seychelles is the least populous. Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Mekouria, Tekle Tsadik In : General history of Africa, II: Ancient civilizations of Africa, 2, p. 401-422, illus. Language : English Language : Chinese Language : Italian Language : Japanese Language : SpanishRwanda (/ r u ˈ ɑː n d ə / ⓘ roo-AHN-də or / r uː ˈ æ n d ə / roo-AN-də; Kinyarwanda: u Rwanda [u.ɾɡwaː.nda] ⓘ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by …Berbers, Berbers, aboriginal Caucasoid peoples of N Africa, called Imazighen in the Tamazight language. They inhabit the lands lying between the Sahara and th… Africa, Africa From the perspective of geologists and paleontologists, Africa takes center stage in the physical history and development of life on Earth. Af… Zanzibar, Zanzibar (semi …Compare the maps of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian I and the Roman Empire under the rule of Trajan. Which statement best identifies a similarity between the territories controlled? Both empires controlled Asia Minor and the Italian Peninsula. Unit 4 Lesson 6 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.

People who come from Africa are called Africans. People in the north are called North Africans and people in the south are called South Africans. Languages in eastern …Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both aspects. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. [7] With 1.4 billion people [1] [2] as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's ...Ogheneovo Ekewenu is on Facebook. Join Facebook to connect with Ogheneovo Ekewenu and others you may know. Facebook gives people the power to share and...The dialects of the Japanese language fall into two primary clades, Eastern (including Tokyo) and Western (including Kyoto and Osaka ), with the dialects of Kyushu and Hachijō Island often distinguished as additional branches, the latter perhaps the most divergent of all. The Ryukyuan languages of Okinawa Prefecture and the southern islands of ...South African Sign Language (SASL, Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal) is the primary sign language used by deaf people in South Africa.The South African government added a National Language Unit for South African Sign Language in 2001. SASL is not the only manual language used in South Africa, but it is the language that is being …Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania.The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, …South Africa is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity. Almost all South Africans speak English to some degree of proficiency, in addition to their native language, with English acting as a lingua franca in commerce, education, and government. [1] [2] South Africa has eleven official languages, but other indigenous languages are spoken by ...Semite, name given in the 19th century to a member of any people who speak one of the Semitic languages, a family of languages spoken primarily in parts of western Asia and Africa.The term therefore came to include Arabs, Akkadians, Canaanites, Hebrews, some Ethiopians (including the Amhara and the Tigrayans), and Aramaean …

Berbers, Berbers, aboriginal Caucasoid peoples of N Africa, called Imazighen in the Tamazight language. They inhabit the lands lying between the Sahara and th… Africa, Africa From the perspective of geologists and paleontologists, Africa takes center stage in the physical history and development of life on Earth. Af… Zanzibar, Zanzibar (semi …Luo people. A traditional Luo village at the Bomas of Kenya museum. The Luo of Kenya and Tanzania are a Nilotic ethnic group native to western Kenya and the Mara Region of northern Tanzania in East Africa. The Luo are the fourth-largest ethnic group (10.65%) in Kenya, after the Kikuyu (17.13%), the Luhya (14.35%) and the Kalenjin (13.37%). [3] Fang / ˈ f ɒ ŋ / is a Central African language spoken by around 1 million people, most of them in Equatorial Guinea, and northern Gabon, where it is the dominant Bantu language; Fang is also spoken in southern Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and small fractions of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.It is related to the Bulu and Ewondo languages …SA Sign Language. 0.5%. At least thirty-five languages indigenous to South Africa are spoken in the Republic, twelve of which are official languages of South Africa: Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu, Afrikaans, and English, which is the primary language used in parliamentary and state discourse, though all ... Nigeria - Languages, Dialects, Ethnicities: The languages of Nigeria are classified into three broad linguistic groups: Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic. The huge Niger-Congo group is further subdivided into nine major branches, including the Kwa subgroup, spoken in the extreme southwestern corner of the country; the Ijoid branch, spoken in the Niger Delta region; the Atlantic ...

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Cushitic speakers, except for the Gosha and some hunting groups, are pastoralists who speak Somali or Galla. Cushitic languages belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in northern Africa and the Middle East. Luo is the only Nilotic language spoken in Kenya. Nilotic languages, which are also spoken in Sudan, Uganda, and Tanzania, are ...Mar 1, 2020 · Interesting facts to know about languages in Africa is that they form part of four language groups, namely Afro-Asiatic covering Northern Africa, Central Sahara and the Horn of Africa, Nilo-Saharan covering Central and Eastern Africa, Niger-Congo covering Central, Southern and Eastern Africa and Khoisan, covering the western part of Southern ... South Africa is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity. Almost all South Africans speak English to some degree of proficiency, in addition to their native language, with English acting as a lingua franca in commerce, education, and government. [1] [2] South Africa has eleven official languages, but other indigenous languages are spoken by ...Ululation is rooted in the culture of North Africa, Northern parts of West Africa and Eastern Africa as well as Southern Africa and is widely practiced in Tanzania, Kenya, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Ethiopia-Eritrea, Somalia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It ...choose which of the official languages to declare as official languages at regional level (Barkhuizen and Gough, 1996). In the Eastern Cape the official languages are; isiXhosa, Sesotho, English and Afrikaans. These are the dominant languages in the region. IsiXhosa is spoken by 83.8%, Afrikaans9.6%, English 3.7%, Sesotho 2.2% and others 0.7%.

The dialects of the Japanese language fall into two primary clades, Eastern (including Tokyo) and Western (including Kyoto and Osaka ), with the dialects of Kyushu and Hachijō Island often distinguished as additional branches, the latter perhaps the most divergent of all. The Ryukyuan languages of Okinawa Prefecture and the southern islands of ...People who come from Africa are called Africans. People in the north are called North Africans and people in the south are called South Africans. Languages in eastern …The following is a list of countries and territories where English is an official language—that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. As of 2020, there were 58 sovereign states and 28 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. [citation needed] Many administrative divisions have declared English an official …Kiswahili is spoken across eastern and central Africa. Mother-tongue speakers are found mainly along the coast, but Kiswahili is spoken as a second or third language by people around the...wwweducatedx.blogspot.comIn the context of eastern Africa, English is usually discussed as a language of big metropolises (e.g. Schmied, 2006; Isingoma, 2017) ; a language connected to ...Teaching in Africa is a great option for licensed teachers looking to explore this diverse, beautiful continent. Teaching jobs in Africa offer many benefits, and due to a low cost of living many teachers are able to save a large portion of their salary. Teaching in Africa offers the opportunity to experience a vast array of geographical experiences - landscapes on the continent range from lush ...West Africa's pidgins have outgrown their status as pidgins. The BBC World Service’s radio service of English-based Pidgin for West and Central Africa, BBC News Pidgin, is now a year old. And it’s thriving. According to the broadcaster it N...Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Warmington, B.H. In : General history of Africa, II: Ancient civilizations of Africa, 2, p. 441-464 Language : English Language : Chinese Language : Italian Language : Japanese Language : Spanish Also available in : PortuguêsOct 28, 2021 · The East African country of Ethiopia is the second most populous, as it is home to more than 114 million people. It is followed by the DRC in Middle Africa (est. 89 million), Tanzania in East Africa (est. 59.7 million), and South Africa in Southern Africa (est. 59.3 million). The largest city in Sub-Saharan Africa is Lagos, located in Nigeria.

Country/Region: Middle East. Select a location. Americas. Europe, Middle East, Africa. Asia Pacific and Oceania. Select a language. Confirm Back. hp-detect-load-my ...

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa.It is the world's fourth largest island, the second-largest island country and the 44th largest country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Antananarivo.. Madagascar consists of the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral …The Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire. C. The Eastern Roman Empire dissolved into small kingdoms. D. The Eastern Roman Empire tried to recapture the west. B. Rome began to lose territory after the Pax Romana because its. A. military relied on untrained soldiers. B. expansive borders faced constant attack.The dialects of the Japanese language fall into two primary clades, Eastern (including Tokyo) and Western (including Kyoto and Osaka ), with the dialects of Kyushu and Hachijō Island often distinguished as additional branches, the latter perhaps the most divergent of all. The Ryukyuan languages of Okinawa Prefecture and the southern islands of ...Tigrinya notices at an Eritrean Orthodox Church, Schiebroek, Rotterdam. Tigrinya ( ትግርኛ; also spelled Tigrigna) is an Ethio-Semitic language commonly spoken in Eritrea and in northern Ethiopia 's Tigray Region by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples. [2] It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions.Like Burundi, its neighbour to the south, Rwanda is a geographically small country with one of the highest population densities in sub-Saharan Africa.Rwanda also shares with Burundi a long history of monarchical rule. Unlike what happened in Burundi, however, the demise of the Rwandan kingship came about through a grassroots Hutu …Feb 17, 2022 · The U.S. census sees Middle Eastern and North African people as white. Many don't. Federal government standards require the U.S. census to count people with roots in the Middle East or North ... May 11, 2023 · Ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic, and it is the second-most populous country in Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a diverse population and is home to more than 80 different ethnic groups ... Arabic remains the lingua franca for 23 countries (24 with Palestine), in the Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, in addition to Chad and Eritrea. Despite a few language script conversions from Arabic to Latin as just described, Arabic is the second most widely used alphabetic system in the world after Latin.Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe + Hadza) Malayo-Polynesian ( Malagasy) Indo-European ( Afrikaaner) The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each population generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, and ...

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It is a Bantu language believed to have originated from other languages, mainly Arabic, due to historical interactions between Arabs from the Middle East and ...Kiswahili is spoken across eastern and central Africa. Mother-tongue speakers are found mainly along the coast, but Kiswahili is spoken as a second or third language by people around the...Piciesse Elettronica Tillverkning av datorer och elektronik Montescudo-Monte Colombo, Emilia RomagnaThe Khoisan languages (/ ˈ k ɔɪ s ɑː n / KOY-sahn; also Khoesan or Khoesaan) are a number of African languages once classified together, originally by Joseph Greenberg. Khoisan is defined as those languages that have click consonants and do not belong to other African language families.For much of the 20th century, they were thought to be …Language of East Africa with over ten million speakers. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Language of East Africa with over ten million speakers. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Language of East Africa with over ten million speakers" clue.Did you know Swahili is probably the easiest African language to learn for an English speaker? Here are 11 interesting facts about it. Epic Trips Mini Trips Sailing …Sep 5, 2023 · Listen to article. Semite, name given in the 19th century to a member of any people who speak one of the Semitic languages, a family of languages spoken primarily in parts of western Asia and Africa. The term therefore came to include Arabs, Akkadians, Canaanites, Hebrews, some Ethiopians (including the Amhara and the Tigrayans ), and Aramaean ... Conditions in Gaza have deteriorated dangerously, experts say, with serious shortages of clean water and food as tens of thousands of Palestinians attempt to flee crippling airstrikes and an ...Nov 28, 2022 · East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organization that is made up of 6 countries from the African Great Lakes region located in the eastern part of Africa. These countries are Kenya, Burundi, South Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania. The heads of states of the 6 countries approved the adoption of the EAC anthem in a bid to ... Omotik is a moribund language of Kenya. As of 1980, there were fewer than 50 Omotik speakers, and all of them were more than 40 years old. The Omotik people used to be hunter-gatherers but now live among the Maasai herders and have adopted the Maasai language as well as the Maasai lifestyle.Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. ….

Language of East Africa with over ten million speakers. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Language of East Africa with over ten million speakers. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Language of East Africa with over ten million speakers" clue.We will promptly provide the newest information regarding popular Casio products, such as G-SHOCK, electronic dictionaries, and electronic musical instruments.The genetic history of Eastern Africa encompasses the genetic history of the people of Eastern Africa. The Sahara served as a trans-regional passageway and place of dwelling for people in Africa during various humid phases [1] [2] [3] and periods throughout the history of Africa. [4] [5] Archaic Human DNA. Eastern Cape . Free State . Gauteng . KwaZulu-Natal . Limpopo . Mpumalanga . ... The population of South Africa grew by 19,8 percentage points between 2011 and 2022 ... 20-Aug-2021 ... gathering appoximately 140 languages with some eleven million speakers scattered in Central and Eastern Africa. Niger-Saharian (Niger-Congo)EXPAND YOUR HORIZONS. Delve into the history, culture, and languages of the Middle East and North Africa while developing critical-thinking skills that will help you in any field. Degree Programs. 17-Apr-2023 ... Making this text available in some of African languages in the region is important to assure the use of it by many peasants in our grassroots ...The Oromo (pron. / ˈ ɒr əm oʊ / Oromo: Oromoo) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Oromia region of Ethiopia and parts of Northern Kenya, who speak the Oromo language (also called Afaan Oromoo), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family.They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia. According to the last …Documentation of these languages is very limited. Despite recent efforts to record them, 80% of Africa’s 2,000 languages have no writing system, so around 1,600 languages in Africa have no written form. Omotik is a moribund language of Kenya. As of 1980, there were fewer than 50 Omotik speakers, and all of them were more than 40 years old.Swahili is one of the most popular and widely spoken languages in East Africa with at least 100 million speakers. The objective of this thesis was to point ... Eastern africa language, The Newfoundland and Labrador English School District represents all English speaking students and schools in Newfoundland and Labrador. The District includes approximately 65,300 students, 252 schools and six alternate sites, and over 8,000 employees., Swahili, also known as Kiswahili, is widely spoken and understood across the country. English serves as the second official language and is commonly used in business, administration, and education. Additionally, Tanzania is home to over 120 indigenous languages, reflecting the incredible linguistic diversity within its borders., Abantu is the Xhosa and Zulu word for people. It is the plural of the word 'umuntu', meaning 'person', and is based on the stem '--ntu', plus the plural prefix 'aba'. [6] In linguistics, the word Bantu, for the language families and its speakers, is an artificial term based on the reconstructed Proto-Bantu term for "people" or "humans". , Arabs, other Afro-Asiatic people. The Hadharem ( Arabic: حضارم, romanized : ḥaḍārim) or the Hadhrami ( Arabic: حضرمي, romanized : ḥaḍramī, singular) are an Arab sub-ethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia, which is part of modern-day eastern Yemen. , Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite., Xhosa (/ ˈ k ɔː s ə / KAW-sə, / ˈ k oʊ s ə / KOH-sə; Xhosa pronunciation: [kǁʰóːsa]), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa, is a Nguni language and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe. Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 10 million people and as a second language by another 10 million, …, View All Result. ADVERTISEMENT. Schools in Tanzania, Niger-Congo languages, a family of languages of Africa, which in terms of the number of langua…, Oct 21, 2023 · Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like As a region, what is the unifying characteristic of Sub-Saharan Africa? a)common religious experience b)similar lifestyles and idea systems c)shared language d)unified political system e)similar cultural values, The physical geography of sub-Saharan Africa is best described by a)tropical lowlands that stretch across the continent ... , Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni . Proposed state: Republic of Biafra (defunct) Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra., We will promptly provide the newest information regarding popular Casio products, such as G-SHOCK, electronic dictionaries, and electronic musical instruments., The Bantu Migration from their origins in southern West Africa saw a gradual population movement sweep through the central, eastern, and southern parts of the continent starting in the mid-2nd millennium BCE and finally ending before 1500 CE. With them, the Bantu brought new technologies and skills such as cultivating high-yield crops …, The meanings associated with Kiswahili's national language status, both in formal policies and in Kenyans' and Tanzanians' understandings of that status, vary ..., The Indian Ocean and Middle Eastern slave trades developed due to long interactions between indigenous African cultures and outsiders, initially from the Mediterranean, Middle East, and South Asia, and later from Europe. Hunwick and Powell 2001 introduces the basic Muslim texts and perspectives that initially shaped contacts …, Browse East African culture news, research and analysis from The Conversation ... Kiswahili: how a standard version of the east African language was …, North Africa. North Africa, or Northern Africa, is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east. [1] , Country/Region: Middle East. Select a location. Americas. Europe, Middle East, Africa. Asia Pacific and Oceania. Select a language. Confirm Back. hp-detect-load-my ..., Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni . Proposed state: Republic of Biafra (defunct) Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra., Eritrea is located in Eastern Africa in the Horn of Africa, to the North of Ethiopia and bordering the Red Sea in Northeast. It has a mixed Afro-Asiatic population that is divided by religion and language. The former Italian and British colony gained formal independence from Ethiopia, its last colonizer, in 1993., South Africa - Languages, Dialects, Afrikaans: The Black African population is heterogeneous, falling mainly into four linguistic categories. The largest is the Nguni, including various peoples who speak Swati (primarily the Swazi peoples) as well as those who speak languages that take their names from the peoples by whom they are …, Arabs, other Afro-Asiatic people. The Hadharem ( Arabic: حضارم, romanized : ḥaḍārim) or the Hadhrami ( Arabic: حضرمي, romanized : ḥaḍramī, singular) are an Arab sub-ethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia, which is part of modern-day eastern Yemen. , Malawi, formally the Republic of Malawi, is a state in southern Africa bordering Mozambique to the east, Tanzania to the east and north, and Zambia to the west. Capital: Lilong Area: 118,480 km 2, Oromo (/ ˈ ɒr əm oʊ / or / ɔː ˈ r oʊ m oʊ /; Oromo: Afaan Oromoo), historically also called Galla (a name regarded as pejorative by the Oromo), is an Afroasiatic language that belongs to the Cushitic branch. It is native to the Ethiopian state of Oromia and Northern Kenya and is spoken predominantly by the Oromo people and neighboring ethnic groups …, May 11, 2023 · Ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic, and it is the second-most populous country in Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a diverse population and is home to more than 80 different ethnic groups ... , IsiZulu, together with other similar Nguni languages including isiXhosa, IsiSwati and IsiNdebele, pretends to be a lingua franca in the eastern and central parts of the country, with many speakers ..., Country/Region: Middle East. Select a location. Americas. Europe, Middle East, Africa. Asia Pacific and Oceania. Select a language. Confirm Back. hp-detect-load-my ..., Khoisan languages, a unique group of African languages spoken mainly in southern Africa, with two outlying languages found in eastern Africa.The term is a compound adapted from the words khoekhoe 'person' and saan 'bush dweller' in Nama, one of the Khoisan languages, and scholars have applied the words—either separately or conjoined—to refer to economic, social, physical, and ..., For travelers, there is nothing quite like seeing animals in their natural habits. Africa is a continent full of intriguing, majestic animals. That includes the “Big Five” animals: the African elephant, buffaloes, leopards, lions, and rhino..., The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa. Located on the easternmost part of the African mainland, it is the fourth largest peninsula in the world. It is composed of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti; broader definitions also include parts or all of Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, and …, Swahili, also known as Kiswahili, is widely spoken and understood across the country. English serves as the second official language and is commonly used in business, administration, and education. Additionally, Tanzania is home to over 120 indigenous languages, reflecting the incredible linguistic diversity within its borders., The size of Africa compared to the other continents. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both aspects. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% …, The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic, sometimes Afrasian), also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel., Oromo is spoken as a first language by more than 70 million Oromo people in Ethiopia and by an additional half-million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya. It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries, such as South Africa , Libya , Egypt and Sudan .