Minimum detectable signal

In this paper, we study the signal-to-noise ratios of various CMOS magnetic sensors. We show that the minimum detectable signal (MDS) for a split-drain magnetic sensor is proportional to S a −1 I −3 2 while that for the linear carrier-domain magnetometer (LCDM) and lateral thyristive magnetometer (LTM) in SOI technologies is S a −1 I −1 2.

Minimum detectable signal. New for March 2019: How do you define (and calculate) the inimum detectable signal in a receiver system? K is temperature in Kelvin (290K is accepted as the standard for room temperature, which is 63 degrees F, even thnough this would cause a thermostat argument in most buildings)The SNR is defined in terms of the ADC's full-scale input level and the minimum detectable signal: The minimum detectable signal is typically limited by the noise floor. Since fully-differential inputs have 2 times the full-scale input voltage level and have superior DC and AC common-mode rejection (which manifest themselves as noise), SNR ... 20 Eyl 2020 ... It occurs when the received echo signal power Pr just equals the minimum detectable signal Pmin. Therefore Rmax = [ Pt .Gt. Ae. σ / (4π)2.The minimum power level at which the device compressed by 0.2 dB was 16.5 dBm, a 21 dB improvement over the legacy device design. Typical 4G input signal levels into a surveillance radar are dependent on a number of factors, not least being local proximity of a 4G antenna.Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS) is a specific value of minimum receivable power ( Prmin ) The minimum detectable signal is defined as the useful echo power at the antenna, which gives at the output of the IF amplifier (just before detection), a signal which lies 3 dB above the mean noise level.particular interest to receiver designers as the the minimum detectable signal is dependant on the Noise Figure as follows: MDS(dBm) =−174+10Log(B) +NF(dB) + Required SNR dB (Eq 3) This approximation assumes the background kTB) noise is that due to a passive or ambient (= device held at T = 290K, and the Required SNRThe minimal detectable elemental concentration, which requires some signal averaging, is approximately 0.1 mmol per kg of dry specimen (i.e., 10 ppm), whereas spatial resolution ranges from about 10 nm to a few micrometers. 1,10 Reducing the detection limit requires more counts, which can be obtained by increasing the counting time and /or the ...

Expert Answer. 1.6 Determine (a) the peak power (watts) and (b) the antenna physical arca (my) which make the cost of the following radar a minimum: Frequency: 1230 MHz (L band) Antenna aperture efficiency: 0.6 Receiver minimum detectable signal: 3 X 10-13 W Unit cost of transmitter: $2.20 per watt of peak power Unit cost of antenna: $1400 per ...Dec 6, 2022 · Receiver Sensitivity Calculator (with practical examples) Receiver sensitivity is the strength of the weakest signal that a radio receiver can detect and demodulate. It is typically specified in dBm, Watt or microvolt. It is also referred to as Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS). It is an important parameter in wireless communication system planning. 1. don't know if one can transfer that to receivers, but in ADC design achieving 3db above the theoretical noise-floor is considered a good design. Also in communication systems you normally want your signal to have a noise margin to the minimum detectable signal. That is your design goal, you not want to undercut anyway.Minimum Signal (cont) For wireless data, B ∼ 10MHz: Pin = 10dB+10dB−174dB+70dB = −84dBm We see that the noise figure has a dB for dB impact on the minimum detectable input signal. Since the received power drops > 20dB per decade of distance, a few dB improved NF may dramatically improve the coverage area of a communication link.by coherent detection for SNR > 10dB (Cx = 1dB) over envelope detection. 11.6.The Matched Filter This SNR can achieve its maximum value when the IF filter is matched to the signal. The peak signal to (average) noise power ratio of the output response of the matched filter is equal to twice the received signal energy E divided by the single ...The implemented IC achieved 59-nW active power consumption, 25-fA/count resolution, and a 59-fA minimum detectable signal (MDS) using a calibrated optical source. The IC was then integrated with other system components into a battery-powered wireless ingestible capsule measuring just 6.5 mm thick $\times $ 12 mm diameter. We demonstrated ...

associated with a transducer's intrinsic losses, the minimum detectable signal force is independent of frequency. By contrast, the sensitivity (e.g. volts per unit signal force) is known to be a strong function of frequency, with the principal peak being at the plate's fundamental thickness resonance. The results are explained by show-The minimum detectable signal or sensitivity is determined by the signal bandwidth (BW), the receiver demodulation threshold (SNR MIN), and the receiver's noise figure (NF). It can be denoted by the following equation: ... Two signal sources with excellent phase noise are used for the external LO and CW blockers, respectively; therefore, the ...A 2f/1f signal processing technique with harmonic waveform recognition method is proposed. The proposed method is used in the methane near-infrared laser remote detection system to solve the instability problems caused by the amplitude fluctuation and the deformation of the harmonic signal during the methane remote …Engineering Electrical Engineering 02: A pulse radar operating at 10 GHz has an antenna with a gain of 28 dB and a transmitter power of 2 kW (pulse power). If it is desired to detect a target with a cross section of 12 m2, and the minimum detectable signal is -90 dBm, what is the maximum range of the radar?A simple demodulator can be adopted for that purpose, especially when the RF input is an OOK-modulated signal . However, the minimum detectable signal by the receiver is limited by the quadratic non-linearity of such detectors . This paper proposes a simple envelope detector, described in Sec. 3.1. 2.2 Analog spiking neuromorphic

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Compute the peak power, the pulse width, and the minimum detectable signal for this radar. Assume target RCS 6 = 10m², the single pulse SNR is 15.4dB , noise figure F = 5dB, temperature To = 290K, and maximum range Rmax = 150Km. 1.16. Repeat Example 1.4 with P, = 1MW, G = 40dB, and 6 = 0.5m 1.17. Show that the DC component is the dominant ...Detection limit. The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significantly ... (3.24) and assuming that an echo power equal to receiver noise results in a detectable signal, a particle at a range of 20 km with a backscatter cross section as small as σ b (minimum) = 2 × 10 −7 m 2 can be detected. That is, a single water drop with a diameter of 6.3 mm could be detected at 20 km.The second source of precipitation in the a priori database was added due to the lack of sensitivity of the GPM core radars (minimum detectable signal is approx. 12 dBZ) to light and moderate snowfall events.2. A dB ( µV/m) is a decibel relation for a sub-unit of V/m, which is appropriate for units of the e-field intensity of a radiated e-m wave existing between two physical points in space separated by a linear distance of one meter. These units are used commonly by the FCC, and other regulators of the use of the e-m spectrum.

Welcome to the series of Radar Engineering.We hope that the lectures which we are providing to you helps you a lot for your examinations.Here is the link to ...Detection limit. The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significantly ...The minimum detectable effect is the effect size set by the researcher that an impact evaluation is designed to estimate for a given level of significance. The minimum detectable effect is a critical input for power calculations and is closely related to power, sample size, and survey and project budgets.The page provides an overview of …In weather radar literature, it is customary to normalize the signal powers to a power of the bandwidth limited noise [signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) = 1 or 0 dB], called the “minimum detectable signal,” because SNR = 1 is a good first estimate of the signal detection limit.where SNR av is the Available Signal-to-Noise Ratio, D x is the effective Detectability Factor, P fa is the chosen probability of false alarm, N is the number of received pulses, and SW is the Swerling signal model. Min Detectable Signal: Minimum detectable signal, specified as a scalar in W, kW, MW, dBW, or dBm.The SNR is defined in terms of the ADC's full-scale input level and the minimum detectable signal: The minimum detectable signal is typically limited by the noise floor. Since fully-differential inputs have 2 times the full-scale input voltage level and have superior DC and AC common-mode rejection (which manifest themselves as noise), SNR ...Radar Question 1: Consider the following statements: If the maximum range of radar has to be doubled. 1. the peak transmitted power may be increased 16 folds. 2. the antenna diameter may be doubled. 3. the sensitivity of receiver may be doubled. 4. the transmitted pulse width may be doubled.Question: i) A high noise figure in a radar receiver means_______.Select one:a) good detectable signal. b) poor minimum detectable signal. c) high power loss. d) receiver bandwidth is reduced.ii) Maximizing the radar receiver SNR and enhancing the range resolution are the main benefits of the_________technique.Select.The minimal measuring range Rmin (" blind range ") is the minimum distance which the target must have to be detect. Therein, it is necessary that the transmitting pulse leaves the antenna completely and the radar unit must switch on the receiver. The transmitting time τ and the recovery time trecovery should are as short as possible, if ...A set of empirical formulae relating minimum detectable signal to some basic sonar system parameters is presented. The formulae are compared and a recommendation made as to which is the most useful for the calculation of an omnidirectional narrowband lofargram minimum detectable signal for power detection of sinusoidal signals in Gaussian noise.

Expert-verified. A ground-based air-surveillance radar operates at a frequency of 1300 MHz (L band). Its maximum range is 200 nmi for the detection of a target with a radar cross section of one square meter (σ 1 m2). Its antenna is 12 m wide by 4 m high, and the antenna aperture efficiency is Pa 0.65. The receiver minimum detectable signal is ...

Radio waves are detected using electrical circuits that receive these electromagnetic signals in an antenna, and then the radio frequencies are modulated through capacitors before emerging as sound in a speaker. Radio waves are normally les...where MDS is the minimum detectable signal power, B is the noise equivalent bandwidth, and NF is the system's noise figure. Furthermore, receivers require a desired signal above the MDS to recover information with a specific quality level.The maximum range R max of a radar occurs when the received signal P r = S min, the minimum detectable signal. The minimum detectable signal is a statistical quantity limited by receiver noise. It can be written as In the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise, the reference voltage level and sample width in bits sets the minimum detectable signal level for an SDR. The reference voltage is basically the maximum detectable voltage, while the number of bits determines the resolution of the analog-to-digital converter. For example, if an analog-to …What sets the minimum detectable signal level for an SDR in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise? A. Sample clock phase noise. ... all frequency components of the input signal are delayed by the same amount of time. Stupid test hint: A finite value is a fixed amount. So, you should pick the answer with the word amount in it :))The minimum detectable effect is the effect size set by the researcher that an impact evaluation is designed to estimate for a given level of significance. The minimum detectable effect is a critical input for power calculations and is closely related to power, sample size, and survey and project budgets.The page provides an overview of minimum detectable effect and provides points to consider ...The measured bandwidth, transimpedance and minimum detectable signal (SNR ~10) of the receiver channel are 230 MHz, 100 kQ and ~1 μA respectively. The single-shot precision of the receiver is ~3 cm at an SNR of 13 and the measurement accuracy is ±4 mm with compensation within a dynamic range of ~1:100000. The receiver circuit was realized in ...

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The implemented IC achieved 59-nW active power consumption, 25-fA/count resolution, and a 59-fA minimum detectable signal (MDS) using a calibrated optical source. The IC was then integrated with other system components into a battery-powered wireless ingestible capsule measuring just 6.5 mm thick $\times $ 12 mm diameter. We demonstrated ...The minimum detectable signal (MDS) is usually assumed to be just above the system noise floor and the maximum signal level is the largest peak power without distortion. Unlike gain or noise figure, dynamic range cannot be improved using amplification, but the window can be moved to suit higher or lower signals. ...Minimum Detectable Signal Equation. We know that sensitivity of the RF receiver is the minimum signal strength that can be detected and the transmitted signal can be reproduced. MDS is the another term to represent the same thing. Following equation or formula is used for MDS(Minimum Detectable Signal) calculator. Useful converters and calculators11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 1/6 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS Minimum Detectable Signal sn Let's review what we have discovered! The noise power at the output of a receiver (i.e., the input of the demodulator) is: out PFGkTB nRxRxoIF= while the signal power at the receiver output is: out in PGP sRxs=We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.9 Ağu 2017 ... You will sometimes hear of this referred to as the minimum detectable signal (MDS). The calculation of the sensitivity based upon range ...Noise limits the minimum detectable signal of a communications system. You are limited by your noise floor; you need to be able to discriminate an intentional output from random information. Frequency Dependent Noise. ... Unlike signal noise, this can be reduced or eliminated with an image rejection filter or by using an image reject mixer if a ...The minimum detectable signal, or sensitivity, will be determined by the signal bandwidth (B), the receiver's detection threshold, (SNR MIN), the receiver's noise figure, (NF), and inherent thermal noise limitations (kTB). At a temperature of 290 K, the sensitivity can be estimated with the following equation:P_t = Transmitter Power. G = maximum Gain of Antenna. A_e = Aperture area of receiving Antenna. \sigma = Cross section area of target. S_ {min} = Minimum detectable Signal. R_ {max} = Maximum range of radar. Equation 8 is the Best form of the Radar Range Equation.Minimum detectable signal is defined by a least power of a signal that is detectable or discernible from the noise floor. Therefore, the power of noise floor and the required SNR together determine the MDS, as shown in Eq. . The noise floor is composed of quantization noise, image noise, amplitude distortion and the noise figure, as presented ...RTD Sensor Measurement Using a Delta-sigma Converter. Figure 3 shows a simplified diagram for interfacing an RTD sensor with a ΔΣ ADC. Figure 3. A simplified diagram for interfacing with an RTD sensor and a ΔΣ ADC. With a 22-bit ADC and a reference voltage of 3 V, the LSB (least significant bit) is equal to 3 222 ≈ 0.72μV 3 2 22 ≈ 0.72 ... ….

Detection limit. The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significantly ... In theory, any signal above the noise floor was a leak rate signal that could be read by the user. That noise floor was comprised of the electronic noise component and the spurious signal from residual helium in the system as measured by the spectrometer. Understanding Minimum Detectable Leak in Helium TestingA method for weak microwave signal detection based on microwave photonics-enabled single-photon technology is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, showing minimum detectable signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved is limited. Usually, when the signal to noise ratio is lower than -10dB, the conventional detection ...where (SA)DL ( S A) D L is the analyte’s detection limit. If σmb σ m b is not known, we can replace it with smb; Equation 4.7.1 4.7.1 then becomes. (SA)DL = Smb ± tsmb ( S A) D L = S m b ± t s m b. You can make similar adjustments to other equations in this section. See, for example, Kirchner, C. J. “Estimation of Detection Limits for ...Expert Answer. 1.6 Determine (a) the peak power (watts) and (b) the antenna physical arca (my) which make the cost of the following radar a minimum: Frequency: 1230 MHz (L band) Antenna aperture efficiency: 0.6 Receiver minimum detectable signal: 3 X 10-13 W Unit cost of transmitter: $2.20 per watt of peak power Unit cost of antenna: $1400 per ...A minimum detectable signal is a signal at the input of a system whose power allows it to be detected over the background electronic noise of the detector system. It can alternately be defined as a signal that produces a signal-to-noise ratio of a given value m at the output. In practice, m is usually chosen to be greater than unity. In some literature, the name …Minimum Signal (cont) For wireless data, B ˘10MHz: P in = 10dB + 10dB 174dB + 70dB = 84dBm We see that the noise gure has a dB for dB impact on the minimum detectable input signal. Since the received power drops >20dB per decade of distance, a few dB improved NF may dramatically improve the coverage area of a communication link.The term minimum operational sensitivity (MOS) can be used in place of S min at the system level where aircraft installation characteristics are included. The "black box" term minimum detectable signal (MDS) is often used for S min but can cause confusion because a receiver may be able to detect a signal, but not properly process it. MDS can ... Minimum detectable signal, If an antenna with a diameter of 60 ft and aperture efficiency of 0.6 were used at a frequency of 430 MHz with a receiver having a minimum detectable signal of 1.5×10-16 w, what peak power is required? Does your answer surprise you; and if so, why? e. The radar cross section of a smooth perfectly conducting sphere of radius a is πa 2., 7 Oca 2017 ... Hello Here is my circuit that I want to calculate minimum Si Here is book calculations..., Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS) •Minimum Detectable Signal(MDS): Input signal level when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is equal to unity •The sensor scale factor is governed by the sensor type •The effect of noise is best determined via analysis of the equivalent circuit for the system Sensor Scale Factor Sensed Signal Circuit Gain ..., Minimum detectable signals are on the order of picowatts; RCS for an automobile might be on the order of 100 square meters. The accuracy of the radar range equation is only as good as the input data. Minimum detectable signal (P min ) depends on receiver bandwidth (B), noise figure (F), temperature (T), and required signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)., Six main mission-dependent factors can influence RF signal range... - Interfering signals - Obstacle effects - Friis transmission loss - Cable loss -…, The detectable signal reaches its minimum at values N LO ≈ 10 4 -10 5 for both types of the detectors. The minima of the MDS is about 1.8-2.3 times the photon energy and close to MDS = 1 for ..., Receiver sensitivity is a measure of the ability of a receiver to demodulate and get information from a weak signal. We quantify sensitivity as the lowest signal power level from which we can get useful information. In an Analog FM system the standard figure of merit for usable information is SINAD, a ratio of demodulated audio signal to noise., Nov 4, 2021 · In spectroscopy, dynamic range is the ratio between the maximum and minimum signal intensities that a spectrometer can detect. More specifically, dynamic range is the maximum detectable signal (i.e., near saturation) divided by the minimum detectable signal. The minimum detectable signal is defined as the signal with an average equal to the ... , And this happens when received echo becomes equal to the minimum detectable signal S min. So substituting Pr = Smin and transposing R to the LHS we get the maximum supportable range of the radar system. And it is given by: This equation is known as the radar range equation. The radar range equation is used to evaluate the particular range up to ..., The term minimum operational sensitivity (MOS) can be used in place of S min at the system level where aircraft installation characteristics are included. The "black box" term minimum detectable signal (MDS) is often used for S min but can cause confusion because a receiver may be able to detect a signal, but not properly process it. MDS can ..., Expert Answer. 1.6 Determine (a) the peak power (watts) and (b) the antenna physical arca (my) which make the cost of the following radar a minimum: Frequency: 1230 MHz (L band) Antenna aperture efficiency: 0.6 Receiver minimum detectable signal: 3 X 10-13 W Unit cost of transmitter: $2.20 per watt of peak power Unit cost of antenna: $1400 per ..., P min is the minimum detectable signal by the radar receiver. The whole expression is raised to the power of 1/4 because radar power diminishes with the fourth power of the range. How to find the radar range? Example 1: Determine the Radar Range if. Transmitted Pulse Peak Power (P t) = 30, Maximum Power Gain of Antenna (G) = 7, minimum detectable signal (MDS) and the saturation of the receiver. The theory which is used to describe the linear receiver is discussed briefly. This paper focuses on the techniques which can be applied to demonstrate the receiver performance. 2 DIGITAL RECEIVER DESIGN A digital radar receiver consists of an analog re-, MIMO techniques can improve a radar's angle estimation and the minimum detectable velocity (MDV) for a target. However, the challenge of clutter mitigation places significant constraints on MIMO radar waveforms. In this paper, the loss of target return because of clutter mitigation (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss) is the driving performance ..., The minimum detectable effect is the effect size set by the researcher that an impact evaluation is designed to estimate for a given level of significance. The minimum detectable effect is a critical input for power calculations and is closely related to power, sample size, and survey and project budgets.The page provides an overview of minimum detectable effect and provides points to consider ..., If an antenna with a diameter of 60 ft and aperture efficiency of 0.6 were used at a frequency of 430 MHz with a receiver having a minimum detectable signal of 1.5×10-16 w, what peak power is required? Does your answer surprise you; and if so, why? e. The radar cross section of a smooth perfectly conducting sphere of radius a is πa 2., We can turn the equation around to compute the required length L if we have some particular minimum detectable change in length Δ x. Can you fill in the table below? ... The signal arrived first in Livingston, the 8 ms later in Hanford, and 14 ms later in VIRGO. the blue region is based on the signals from the two LIGO sites alone: area 1160 ..., Due to size restrictions in space, the matched antenna beamwidth (0.71°) is controlled by the lower radar frequency (Ku-band) and results to a 5-km footprint in the troposphere. Furthermore, the vertical resolution (250 m) is also controlled by the minimum detectable signal requirement for the Ku-band radar., 1 Answer. The two parameters I can think of effecting minimum detectable signal will be noise figure (dominantly) and local oscillator phase noise. As you properly determined, your MDS is dependent on the noise figure since you dictated a threshold of 12 dB above the noise floor. As far as different modulations (AM, FM, digital modulations such ..., the number of net counts that is corresponding to the minimum detectable true activityisgiven as Background not known a priori 121. NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection, Spring 2021 Chapter 3: Counting Statistics False Negative and Minimum True Count Rate 122. NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection, Spring 2021 ..., Noise places a limit on the minimum detection capabilities of a radio telescope and may mask or corrupt these weak ... An analyzer is designed for unity gain so that it correctly displays the input signal levels. Adding attenuation or gain changes the transfer function from the input to the display. If the input attenuator is set to, In this chapter the topics of sensitivity and dynamic range for a receiver are addressed. We begin by introducing their definitions, the concepts of minimum …, Minimum Detectable Signal. Say a system requires an SNR of 10 dB for proper detection with a minimum voltage amplitude of 1mV. If a front-end with sufficient ..., Moving target indication ( MTI) is a mode of operation of a radar to discriminate a target against the clutter. [1] It describes a variety of techniques used for finding moving objects, like an aircraft, and filter out unmoving ones, like hills or trees. It contrasts with the modern stationary target indication (STI) technique, which uses ..., MINIMUM DETECTABLE SIGNAL. The ability of a radar receiver to detect a weak echo signal is limited by the noise present in the frequency spectrum. The weakest signal that the receiver can detect is called the minimum detectable signal. It is difficult to define what is minimum detectable signal (MDS) because of its statistical nature and the ..., What is radar waveforms minimum range? Minimal Measuring Range. Monostatic pulse radar sets use the same antenna for transmitting and receiving. During the transmitting time the radar cannot receive: the radar receiver is switched off using an electronic switch, called duplexer.The minimal measuring range R min (“ blind range ”) is the minimum distance …, "For hidden photon searches, the amplitude of the dark matter signal scales with the area of the metal dish used, while the minimal detectable signal level is largely determined by the noise level ..., With sweep length of 1 ms and noise figure of 6 dB the RF noise floor at the receiver input is -138 dBm. For the signal to be detectable it should be some amount more powerful than the noise. Using 20 dB for the required signal-to-noise ratio gives minimum detectable signal of -118 dBm., In many optical imaging applications the minimum detectable signal is defined by the ratio of signal to noise in the camera. When the signal to noise ratio is unity it is considered the minimum signal that can be detected by the camera. In this test method, the vapor acts as an attenuator of photonic signal from the illuminating source blackbody., In the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise, the reference voltage level and sample width in bits sets the minimum detectable signal level for an SDR. The reference voltage is basically the maximum detectable voltage, while the number of bits determines the resolution of the analog-to-digital converter. For example, if an analog-to …, I used this to calculate the minimum detectable signal, I used this wiki page as a reference, I used 1MHz as the BW and tried the both upper limit and lower limit of the noise figure. If I use those numbers then the MDS limits are -98.98dBm and -71.4752dBm. I am trying to verify my calculations. Thank you, Transmit power will be on the order of 1 mW (0 dBm) and antenna gain around 100 (20 dB) for an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100 mW (20 dBm). Minimum detectable signals are on the order of picowatts; RCS for an automobile might be on the order of 100 square meters. The accuracy of the radar range equation is only as good as the input data., The minimum detectable effect is the effect size set by the researcher that an impact evaluation is designed to estimate for a given level of significance. The minimum detectable effect is a critical input for power calculations and is closely related to power, sample size, and survey and project budgets.The page provides an overview of minimum detectable effect and provides points to consider ...