Coal measures

Forest (from "The Coal Measures Forests" by B.A.Thomas and C.J.Cleal, National Museum . of Wales, 1993) Fig.11. Map of the super-continent Pangea during . the Upper Carboniferous Period (300 ...

The Yanqi Basin is a coal-bearing basin in Western China. In order to determine the hydrocarbon generation potential of the Jurassic source rocks in this area, the organic matter composition of coal-measure mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone and coal rocks, the yields of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, and the comparison of hydrocarbon sources were studied by means of hydrocarbon-generating ...Figure 8 is a generalized stratigraphic column of the Walloon Coal Measures, while Figure 9 shows the stratigraphy at Oakleigh.16. Cranfield et al.17 describe the Walloon Coal Measures as comprising mudstone, siltstone, fine-grained labile calcareous sandstone, thin coal seams and minor limestone. They comment that 'generally the sandstone is ...In this study, the UK coal measure's were selected as an investigation material during the development of the coal measure classification (CMC) system. The geomechanical response of the stratified rock mass surrounding underground coal mines is a manifestation of the interactions between the rock mass, the high in situ stress environment due to ...The prediction and development of three gases, mainly coalbed methane, shale gas, and tight sandstone gas, in the Huainan coal measures of China, has been the focus of local coal mines. However, due to the overlapping and coexisting characteristics of the three gas reservoirs in Huainan coal measure strata, it is challenging to develop the three gas. The coal mine has been creating a single ...China's coal-bearing basin has the most complicated geological conditions of any such area in the world. As the Chinese block was subject to the effects of the three systems just mentioned for such a protracted period, fold structures are scattered over the coal measure strata in the plate collision zone and intracontinental deformation region.Coal-measure gas is the natural gas generated by coal, carbonaceous shale, and dark shale in coal-measure strata. It includes resources of continuous-type coalbed methane (CBM), shale gas and ...Coal is a complex organic rock comprised of mainly decayed plants conditioned by syngenetic, diagenetic, epigenetic and detrital inorganic elements (Ogala et al. 2010). The Anambra Basin contains important coal measures in the Mamu and Nsukka Formations (Umeji 2005; Uzoegbu et al. 2014). The mining of this sub-bituminous coal occurred in the ...Rusnak, 1998 Coal measure Southern WV 386 20 Subset of current data Jermy and Bell, 1991 Coal measure South Africa NG 14.1 Mainly sandstones 1NG=Not given in reference. Figure 2. Location of the drillholes from which the samples were obtained. In general, the variability in the PLT-UCS relationship can

Coal measures will be given because this will help us understand the issues involved as well as the problems that remain unresolved to this day. The challenge to explain the fossils Despite there being an incredible biodensity indicated by the abundance of fossils in the Coal Measures, there was a disturbing lack of biodiversity in them.The Upper Permian Rangal Coal Measures in the northern Bowen Basin, Australia, accumulated during rapid basinal aggradation in a retroarc foreland basin setting. They reflect peatland deposition ...Kent Coalfield. Coordinates: 51°13′N 1°18′E. Payday at Snowdown Colliery - sculpture. The Kent Coalfield is a coalfield in the eastern part of the English county of Kent. The Coalfields Trust defines the Kent Coalfield as the wards of Barham Downs and Marshside in the Canterbury district, and the wards of Aylesham, Eastry, Eythorne ...The measurement and mitigation of coal mine methane in Australia are severely lacking in both rigour and attention from policy-makers. Official estimates of Australia’s coal mine methane emissions already indicate a massive problem for Australian and global efforts to combat climate change, but – alarmingly – there is mounting …A discussion is made to explain the structural and mechanical properties of coal measures in China's deep coal mining practices, the types and distribution characteristics of in situ stresses in ...23 Mei 2012 ... The geology of the North of England is where our modern industrial civilisation was born, based on the burning of fossil life.

The gas content of shale samples (a and b) from Shanxi Formation of Permian coal measure strata of MF-1 well and MF-2 well in the northern Ordos Basin of China and the shale sample (c) from Yan'an Formation of Jurassic coal measure strata of the J601 well in the western edge of the Ordos Basin all show positive logarithmic correlations with TOC ...The Lopingian coal measures of southwestern China were deposited within a range of facies associations spanning a spectrum of settings from fluvial to marine carbonate platform. The transitional to terrestrial coal measures are dominated by siliciclastics, but they also contain fifteen laterally extensive marine bands (limestone beds and mudstone).Surat gas project is located 160km west of Brisbane in the Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia. The A$10bn ($7.1bn) project is expected to produce 5,000 petajoules (PJ) of coal seam gas (CSG) for LNG export as well as …The coal measure source rocks' thickness data was counted, and plane contour map of coal-bearing source rocks was drawn, including the thickness contour map of coal seam and mudstone in the Upper Paleozoic . The map shows that the source rock is present almost throughout the Ordos Basin and has the characteristics of wide plane distribution ...The Surat Basin's Walloon coals (Oxfordian) record peat accumulation under changing base level. • The coals show a positive excursion in δ 13 C towards the top of the coal measures.. This follows the global δ 13 C trend as recorded in marine carbonates from the same age interval.. The positive excursion in δ 13 C corroborates a global climatic shift in the Mid-Oxfordian.Coal measure energy production and reservoir space utilization are both important for energy security and can assist in achieving carbon neutrality. Coal measure energy production and reservoir utilization are therefore of scientific significance. This study focuses on the security of coal supply by discussing the possible technical approaches of combining low-carbon mining of coal measure ...

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Jan 13, 2023 · In this study, gold tube thermal simulation experiments were carried out on the soluble components (extracts) and insoluble components (extracted coal-measure mudstones) of coal-measure mudstones, and diamondoid compounds in the pyrolysis products were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that diamondoid compounds in the extracts and the extracted coal-measure mudstones had undergone ... However, not all of the applications are economic right now. The mining industry will likely need to invest in further research and development in the areas of mine waste reuse to make some of the methods workable at scale. 3. Eco-Friendly Equipment. Mining companies wanting to reduce their environmental impact can switch to more eco-friendly ...By even conservative estimates, the generative capacity of the Coal Measures is considered to far exceed the amount of gas presently discovered (Barnard and Cooper, 1983; Cornford, 1998). Although complex in detail, the Coal Measures in general consist of upward-coarsening deltaic rocks that are overlain by fluvial deposits and associated coals.Karpuz C (1990) A classification system for excavation of surface coal measures. Min Sci Technol 11:157-163. Article Google Scholar Kirsten HAD (1982) A classification system for excavation in natural material. Civil engineering in South Africa, July, pp 293-307. Kolleth H (1990) Overview of open pit mines for mining technologies with high ...11 Okt 2022 ... ... coal quality is mainly coal, fat coal, and coking coal. After the formation of coal measures, Pingdingshan Coal eld experienced the tectonic ...

In fact, there are three sets of coal measures source rocks in Songliao Basin deep formations (Li et al., 1999), they have undoubtedly generated great abundance of natural gases during the basin evolution. However, the organic composition and the geochemistry of the source rocks in deep formation were hardly taken into account in most published ...Oct 1, 2018 · Coal measure gas is broadly defined as all natural gas occurring in coal measure strata while narrowly defined as the coalbed methane (CBM) in coal beds and the natural gas in the adjacent tight sandstone reservoirs. In this paper, the accumulation characteristics and control factors of narrowly defined coal measure gas in China were analyzed ... The coal-derived gas in C-P coal measures, occurs in the widely distributed coal seams of Taiyuan (C 3 t) and Shanxi formations (P 1 s) and tight Xiashihezi Formation sandstones (P 1 x). Two sets of potential hydrocarbon source rocks occur in the YCN gas field, the Upper Paleozoic Carboniferous-Permian (C-P) coal measure source rock and the ...2023 national budget - renewables development. Indonesia 2023 In force National. 2023 natural gas and power subsidies for households. Lithuania 2023 In force National. 2023 price crisis response policies. Spain 2023 In force National. 2023 subsidies for large-scale solar PV. Switzerland 2023 In force National.Stubblefield, C J and Trotter, F M, 1957. Divisions of the Coal Measures on Geological Survey Maps of England and Wales. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, No.13, p.1-5. Owens, B, Riley, N J and Calver, M A. 1985. Boundary stratotypes and new stage names for the Lower and Middle Westphalian sequences in Britain.Stubblefield, C J and Trotter, F M, 1957. Divisions of the Coal Measures on Geological Survey Maps of England and Wales. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, No.13, p.1-5. Owens, B, Riley, N J and Calver, M A. 1985. Boundary stratotypes and new stage names for the Lower and Middle Westphalian sequences in Britain. The coal bearing rock strata or coal measures that make up the coalfield outcrop in the foothills of the Pennines and dip gently downwards from west to east. This area is known as the exposed coalfield. The coal measures are carboniferous rocks laid down between 290 and 354 million years ago.Thus, the ability to accurately determine reservoir and elastic properties of the coal measure rocks is extremely important for ground control and methane ...

Coal. INTRODUCTION Unconventional natural gas in coal measures occurs in the pores of tight reservoirs in the sym-biosis or close proximity of source rocks and source rocks. Coal beds, shale, and tight sandstone often exist as reservoirs in coal measures (Qin, 2018; Zou et al., 2019). Chinese scholars have done a lot of

Forest (from "The Coal Measures Forests" by B.A.Thomas and C.J.Cleal, National Museum . of Wales, 1993) Fig.11. Map of the super-continent Pangea during . the Upper Carboniferous Period (300 ...UCS = 23.62 PLI-2.69 (Coal . measure rocks) Quane and Russel (2003) UCS=24.4 PLI (Strong rocks) UCS=3.86(PLI) 2 +5.65PLI (Weak . rocks) ... Based on all the above measures, LWR outperformed with ...@article{osti_1595955, title = {The Application of Current Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Technologies to Potential Rare Earth Ores in the U.S. Coal Measures: Near-Term Opportunities to Fill Out the U.S. Value Chain}, author = {Rozelle, Peter L. and Tarka, Thomas J. and Mamula, Ned}, abstractNote = {This report will consider the potential for currently available mineral ...The quantity of iodine absorbed by 1 g of carbon at the mg level is the iodine number, which measures the porosity of the AC. 37 The usable surface area in m 2 g −1 of virgin carbon is indicated by the iodine number (or “iodine value”) (ASTM D4607). The iodine number, which is associated with the “activity” of AC and is frequently ...The point load test was reported as an indirect measure of the compressive or tensile strength of rock (D'Andrea et al. 1964 ... Elkington PAS (1983) The application of strength and deformation index testing to the stability assessment of coal measures excavations. In: Proc. 24th US symp. on rock mech, Texas A & M Univ., AEG, pp 599-609 ...The pore structure of continuous unconventional reservoirs (CURs) in coal measures was investigated using different technologies for 29 samples (9 coal samples, 9 shale samples, and 11 sandstone samples) from Qinshui Basin, China. Results show that coals have relatively high porosities and permeabilities ranging from 4.02% to 5.19% and 0.001 to 0.042 mD, respectively. Micropores (< 2 nm) are ...coals and coal blends and their ability to produce blast furnace coke. Rank is determined by measuring the percent light reflected by the maceral vitrinite. Type is determined using a point count procedure to obtain the volume percent of the various coal macerals, or fossilized plant remains. Coal petrography can also be used to determine whetherThe Ordos Basin is rich in the co-occurrence of coal-uranium deposits (Dai et al., 2017). The mechanism affecting the radon emission process of rocks and the radiation risk of rocks can be comprehended by exploring the radon release law of coal measure strata. The location of the sampling area is shown in Fig. 1. A core of the stratum with a ...The densification of coal-measure sandstones is important to the exploration of tight sand gas. Previous studies have focused on the influence of diagenesis on sandstone densification, however neglecting the role of depositional processes. Based on an integrated analysis of logging, core, and rock and mineral data, this study depicted the lithological distribution and petrological ...

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A discussion is made to explain the structural and mechanical properties of coal measures in China's deep coal mining practices, the types and distribution characteristics of in situ stresses in ...The term coal measures has also historically been used in other parts of the world for coal-bearing successions of various ages, e.g. the Permian coal measures of Australia and the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary coal measures found in New Zealand. However, these usages are mostly informal. British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of the heat content of fuels or energy sources. One Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1° Fahrenheit (F) at the temperature that water has its greatest density (approximately 39° F). One British thermal unit (Btu) is approximately equal to the ...Coal and associated coal measures rocks, including shales, mudstones and sandstones, may lose significant strength on water saturation due to the absorption of water, stress corrosion or mineralogical changes to the clays within the rock matrix.As most coal seams are natural aquifers, water ingress into underground mine workings is common, and is typically controlled during mining by ...Coal-measure source rocks from the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations of sea-land transitional facies in the Ordos Basin have a depositional area of approximately 13.8 × 10 4 km 2 that is characterized by coal layers and dark mudstones with a thickness of 10-14 m, TOC content of around 63 %, and hydrocarbon generation intensity of 15 × 10 8 m 3 ...The coal measures formed during Westphalian and earliest Stephanian times in the European ('Heerlen') chronostratigraphical scheme (which is approximately equivalent to the Middle Pennsylvanian Series of the IUGS global chronostratigraphical scheme). Informal usage for other coal-bearing strataEstimation of coal measures rock strength using sonic and neutron logs. Downhole geophysical logs, particularly neutron-neutron and sonic, have been used for estimating overburden strength at ten mine sites in Australia. The results are used in formulating specifications for numerical and physical models of coal extraction, which are in turn ...Göktan [48] derived the following equation for coal measure rocks: (10) q u =0.036V p −31.18, where q u is the UCS (MPa) and V p is the p-wave velocity (m/s). 2.4. Impact strength testThe impact strength test was first developed by Protodyakonov, and then it was used by Evans and Pomeroy [49] for the classification of coal seams in the UK.A full bushel is represented by a basket in the lower right. A bushel (abbreviation: bsh. or bu.) is an imperial and US customary unit of volume based upon an earlier measure of dry capacity.The old bushel is equal to 2 kennings (obsolete), 4 pecks, or 8 dry gallons, and was used mostly for agricultural products, such as wheat.In modern usage, the volume is … ….

Jul 4, 2022 · The Scottish Middle Coal Measures sandstone used in this study and investigated by Payton et al. 18, may well benefit from using such techniques to interrogate the abundance of cement shown to ... The Walloon Coal Measures are composed of coal, shale, sandstone, siltstone and mudstone (e.g. Rassam et al., 2014 ). Coals in the Walloon Coal Measures are high-volatile bituminous to low‑volatile bituminous and sub-bituminous (Matheson, 1993; Ingram and Robinson, 1996; Doig and Stanmore, 2012 ), based on the American Society for Testing and ...Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin. The accumulations are scattered, and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields, of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×10 8 m 3 with an average of 44.30×10 8 m 3 and a mid-point of 8.16×10 8 m 3. The ...It was pointed out by Beete Jukes long ago that, so far as the higher portions of the Coal-measures were concerned, North Staffordshire provided the type development of the Midlands. Mr.The recommended correlation between coal measures rock strength and sonic compressional velocity is expressed as (McNally, 1987): (2) UCS = 1200 e − 10.973 / v p where UCS is the uniaxial compressive strength in MPa, and v p is the compressional velocity in km/s.Coal seams. The following coal seams are recorded from the Northumberland Coalfield. They are listed here in stratigraphic order with the youngest at the top and the oldest/deepest at the bottom. Not all seams are named and not all occur at any one locality. Pennine Coal Measures Group. Westphalian) Upper Coal Measures. Killingworth; West MoorThe Lower Coal Measures. The geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield is a story of working coal from the western edge of the coalfield in the Pennine lower coal measure starting at Walkley in Sheffield moving northwards to Bradfield, Bolsterstones, Stocksbridge, Crow Edge, East of Holmfirth, West of Huddersfield, to the north Western part of Halifax.Coal is abundant in the United States and other devel-oped and developing countries, such as Russia, China, and India. Coal is relatively inexpensive and an excellent source of energy and byproduct raw materials. Because of these factors, domestic coal is the primary source of fuel for electric power-Coal-measure formations in the Upper Paleozoic mainly distributes in central-south part of Dagang Oilfield and covers an area of nearly 10000 km². Source rocks there consist of coal beds ... Coal measures, The measurement and mitigation of coal mine methane in Australia are severely lacking in both rigour and attention from policy-makers. Official estimates of Australia’s coal mine methane emissions already indicate a massive problem for Australian and global efforts to combat climate change, but – alarmingly – there is mounting …, The National Coal Mining Museum (NCM) for England, see Fig. 1, is on the site of former Caphouse Colliery which is located in Overton, near Wakefield, Yorkshire in the UK at 53.6416 ° N 1.6251 ° W with site elevation of about + 147 m asl. As shown in Fig. 1, the Caphouse Colliery complex is underlain by Lower Coal Measures in the west and the Middle Coal Measures in the east., Bibliographic information. Title. The Coal Measures Amphibia of North America. Issue 238 of Carnegie Institution of Washington publication, ISSN 0099-4936. Issue 238 of Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication. Contributions to paleontology. Volume 238 of Publication - Carnegie Institution of Washington. Author., Coal Measures. The Pennine Coal Measures Group comprises a Lower, a Middle and an Upper formation, each of which consists of mudstones, siltstones and sandstones and with, in the case of the two lower formations, numerous coal seams. Permian. Rocks ..., The coal deposits in those Westphalian measures spurred on the birth of the railways in our region which had such a profound impact on the emergence of our modern world, especially when coupled with the iron stone deposits of Consett and the Cleveland Hills which helped the region develop into a major centre for steelmaking and engineering., The thermophysical properties of sedimentary rocks are important to the thermal processes related to coal in situ treatments. For example, in underground coal gasification process, the roof and floor rocks of the coal measure strata may undergo a high temperature up to 1200–2300 °C (Wan 2009; Kreynin 2012 )., The Coal Measures of the Appalachians, however, and particularly the lower strata, contain many more conglomerates than are found elsewhere, and correspondingly show a different series of physical conditions which influenced their formation. But from Iowa to Arkansas throughout the whole distance the Coal Measures west of the Mississippi seem ..., The development model of the coal-measure source rock may be different from that of the lacustrine source rock. The depositional environment of the coal-measure source rock is dominated by weak oxidation and weak reduction, and the majority of the organic material originates from terrestrial higher plants. Taking the Jurassic coal-measure source rock in the Kuqa Depression as the research ..., Coal Measure. The Carboniferous “coal measures” that refer to the rich coal deposits in Great Britain, northern Europe, and Asia formed during the Paleozoic Era. The coal deposits are often interbedded with conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, shales, and limestones grouped as “coal measures”. From: Coal and Coalbed Gas, 2014. Related ..., The thickness of coals in the P 2 l coal-bearing measures range from 1 to 12 m (Fig. 2), but are mostly 1-4 m. The coals become thicker toward the center of the basin. The thickness of the black mudstones and carbonaceous shales (Huang et al., 1990) is from 10 to 120 m, but mostly 10-50 m and the mudstones also become thicker toward the center of the basin., The coal measure source rocks are composed of coal seam, carbonaceous mudstone and dark mudstone. They are thick in the south and thin in the north as a whole (Fig. 2, Fig. 3), with the thickness in the central and southern parts of Huanghua Depression being the largest [17].The average coal seam thickness in the Taiyuan Formation is 2-16 m, while the average thickness in the Shanxi ..., The Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures with 200-300m thickness and up to 36 coal seams is the major coal measure in Surat Basin. Several thousand CSG wells were drilled in Surat Basin and many future ..., The effects of a water inrush event on the chemical composition of groundwater in a coal measures sandstone aquifer that is important for water supply was investigated at the Taoyuan coal mine in the Huaibei region in China. Changes in groundwater quality caused by the inrush event were investigated using statistical techniques, a Piper trilinear diagram, saturation index, ion combination ..., Middle Coal Measures have been considered to form a subordi- nate division of the Des Moines. In Kansas, Haworth has recognized a series of formations of which he correlates the low- ermost, the Cherokee shales, with the Des Moines.' Above the Cherokee shales and below the Erie limestone, which is at least ..., Sections of Strata of the Coal Measures of Lancashire. By G. Hickling. pp. xxxiv + 270, with a folding map and table. Compiled for the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Association, and printed by Andrew Reid and Co., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1927. - Volume 65 Issue 7, May 22, 2023 · The Ordos Basin is an important intracontinental sedimentary basin in China, containing a significant amount of coal, oil, and natural gas. This study analyzed the sedimentary environment, sedimentary facies, parent material type, maturity, and carbon isotopic composition of the coal-bearing organic matter using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and stable isotope ratio mass ... , productive coal measures underlies the 'Weald. He has shown that the coal beds of Hardinghen, in the Boulonnais, ar" really true coal1neasures faulted down, and are not an abnormal deve­ ..., Jun 15, 2021 · In the chart the minimum area of coal ply is about 0.16 km 2, the corresponding well spacing is about 0.4 km, and the corresponding thickness of coal ply is about 0.25 m. Therefore, If the coal ply with a thickness of 0.3 m is to be developed, the minimum well spacing can be adjusted to 0.5 km drawn from the chart. , Other relevant measures include Promoting coal gasification through rebate in revenue share, and; An investment of ₹50,000 crore to create transportation infrastructure for evacuating one billion tonnes of coal from state-run Coal India’s mines. Impact and Effect of …, The kaolinite is thought to have formed mainly on the adjacent landmass, but some crystallization of gels within the basin is not ruled out. Tonsteins, which formed from the in situ alteration of airfall volcanic ashes, are very common in the coal measures and are up to 0.5 m thick. Finally, kaolinite deposits are described where the ..., @article{Wang2023StudyOA, title={Study of a damage constitutive model for water-bearing coal measures sedimentary rock with nonlinear deformation during compaction stage}, author={Weinan Wang and Qiangling Yao and Aiwen Wang and Karen Hudson-Edwards and Chuang Sheng Zheng and Lun Yan and Lianpeng Dai and Yihong …, Coal mining operations below the water table of surface and underground mines are common. Therefore, a better understanding of rock behaviour in dry and water-saturated conditions is critical in rock engineering projects. In this paper, Lower Gondwana coal measure rock (sandstone and shale) samples have been collected from 10 different mines (eight collieries) in Jharia and Raniganj coalfield ..., petrologyformation of coal and coal seams, including studies of modern coal-forming processes and environments metamorphosis of coal and dispersed organic matter in source rocksgeologic aspects of coal measures, oil- and gas-source rockspetrology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrophysics of coal, coal seams, and organic matter-rich shales., Carbon dioxide (CO 2), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. ... Carbon accounting (or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas (GHG) an organization emits., The coal-measure gas in study area is typically coal-type gas mixed with a small amount of oil-type gas acoording to the δ 13 C 2. And the evolution of coal-measure gas has been dominated by thermogenic origin. Combining the gas concentrations and isotope, the vertical and lateral migration process of coal-measure gas has been observed., These coal crabs are rare but significant in locations like Scotia, Fairview, Ensham, Burton and South Walker Creek, among others. Within the Nebo Synclinorium, thick crabs occur along the Collinsville Shelf in the older Fort Cooper and Moranbah Coal Measures. These "peat islands" were stable locations of peat accumulation for long periods of ..., (A) Ripple trends in tidal-flat facies 277.84' 97.84" Conclusions The major conclusions of the present study are as follows: (1) The Barakar coal measures of the Mohpani coalfield, Satpura Gondwana basin contain strata bearing imprints of sedimentation under the influence of wave and tide as has recently been documented from several other coal ..., 29 Mei 2023 ... nov., from the Bashkirian Coal Measures of Saddleworth, Greater Manchester, UK, represented by an exceptionally preserved neurocranium and ..., Based on the mechanical results, the crack propagation law of the coal measure sandstone under the mining-induced seepage-creep coupling load was analyzed, and the distribution of pressure ..., Outcrop and drill hole data show that the Jurassic coal measures in the northeastern Ordos Basin are composed mainly of the Yan'an Formation and the lowstand system tract of the Zhiluo Formation ..., In order to ascertain the kaolinite crystallinity of Carboniferous Permian coal-measure kaolinite rocks, seven groups of fresh samples were collected from below the ground in the Xiaoyu mine, Datong coalfield. Microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry methods were applied to the samples. The ..., The siderite nodules in the coal measures are formed in the synsedimentary stage and the original information of chemical composition and characteristics of the nodules has been retained. (3) The carbon in the siderite nodules mostly originates from inorganic carbon in marine carbonate rocks, with the remainder from inorganic carbon formed by ..., The development of mines and the arrangement of roadways are closely related to spontaneous combustion, when mining the easy self-ignition coal seam, the technical measures for exploitation include reasonable layout of the roadway, adhere to regular mining and reasonable mining order, reducing coal crushing (Wang 2007; Peng et al. 2016).